黑桃花 -
我就不去复制了，告诉你一些最实用的
1，关于语态，看到by，用被动语态，（to，没有这个用法）
比如，The,model,plane,was,made,by,Mary.
航模是Mary做的。
to没有这样的用法。
2，关于时态，看到by，用过去完成时态或者将来完成时态（to，没有这个用法）
比如，We,had,learned,2000,words,by,the,end,of,last,term.
到上学期末为止，我们已经学了2000个单词了。（过去完成）
We,will,have,learned,2000,words,by,the,end,of,next,term.
到下学期末为止，我们将学会2000个单词。（将来完成）
3，by+交通工具，表示乘坐的方式（to，没有这个用法）
比如by,bus，坐公车
by,plane，搭飞机
by,ship，坐船
如果对句子的这部分提问，统一用how，
比如，Mary,goes,to,school,(by,bus),every,day.对(by,bus)划线部分提问
就是,How,does,Mary,go,to,school,every,day?
关于划线部分，看这里，有窍门
http://hi.baidu.com/xiaozhaotaitai/blog/item/af47f20a6545b93db0351d03.html
4，to，表示方向，（by没有这个用法）
比如，give,sth,to,sb=give,sb,sth，给某人某物
send,a,letter,to,sb=send,sb,a,letter，给某人寄信
5，to+sb"s+名词，表示情绪（by，没有这个用法）
比如，to,my,surprise，使我惊讶的是
to,my,joy，使我高兴的是
以上这些都是考试中常会用到的，其他的一些区别就是一些固定搭配了，那些需要用心记
CarieVinne -
To:
一：表示相对，针对
be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar, distinct, sensitive, immune, vulnerable, indispensable) to
Air is indispensable to life.
Aircrafts are vulnerable to interference caused by radiation.
This injection will make you immune to infection.
二：表示对比，比较
1：以-ior结尾的形容词，后接介词to表示比较，如：superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior
The quarrel happened prior to my arrival.
2: 一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词，如equal，similar，equivalent，analogous
A is similar to B in many ways.
3：表示一些先后顺序的形容词，如：second,subsequent,next,preliminary,preparatory
Subsequent to the war,they returned to their hometown.
4: to也偶尔出现在个别动词之后,与动词形成固定词组,表示比较,如:prefer to,compare to,in contrast to
compare to sth.表示比喻或比拟,而compare with sth.表示比较,如:
World is usually compared to a stage
Compared with his past,he has changed a lot.
Prefer的正确句型是:prefer A to B或prefer doing A to doing B,但当prefer后接动词不定式时,表示比较的介
词to就要改成rather than ,如:
The undaunted soldier preferred death to surrender.
Many people prefer spending money to earning money.
They prefer to pursue careers rather than remain home as house wives.
5: to与及个别的名词构成比较之意,如:alternative
Going to an under water concert is a great alternative to going to dinner.
三: 表示修饰关系
1: 表示回复,反应意思的词,如:answer to question,
solution to problem,response to inquiry,reaction to proposal,reply to letter
2: 表示建筑构件的词汇,如: entry,entrance,approach,access,passage,exit,vent,path
the approach to a bridge引桥
the approach to science
Half of the population was estimated to have no access to the health service.
The access to education 接受教育的机会
The access to medical care 享受公费医疗的权利
3: 表示人物职位和官衔的词,如:assistant to manager, ambassador to Spain, successor to tradition, heir to
throne,deputy to the National People"s Congress
advisor to the Prime Minister
4: 表示权利和许可的词汇,如:right,admission
The employee finally got the admission to the boardroom.
Everyone has an equal right to ……..
5: 表示栅栏或障碍的词汇,如:bars to development,the barrier to progress
6: 表示与书籍,文本相关的词,如:introduction to passage.
7: 表示恭喜或是祝贺,如:
The director proposed a toast to the health of the guests.
Let"s drink to Dick"s success in business
8: 另外还有一些名词符合这种用法,有的具有两者息息相关,缺一不可的含义.如:key to door,invitation to
party,
guide to action,limitation to life,accessory to school
四: to还具有依据,伴随,和着节奏的含义,如:sing to piano, chance to the tune, stamp to the rhythm of the song, add salt to taste
（一）：表示相关联，相连接，如：be related to,be relative to,in relation to,be relevant to,link to
Investigate all the facts related to the problem.
People often linked walth to happiness.
（二）：表示反对和赞同。
1：to引导的表示反对，抗拒，对抗意义的词组。Be opposed to,be oppsist to,be contrary to,be adverse to,be
resistant to,be contradictory to,object to,oppose to,deny tp,be aline to
These buildings are resistant to earthquake.
They are to tally opposed to any changes being made in the plans.
2: to引导的表示同意，赞同意义的词组：consent to,subseribe to,
The employer consented to give him a salary raise.
表示调整，使符合，使适应的含义，如：adapt to,commodate to, adjust to,conform to,habituate to,fit to,suit
to,correspond to,cater to
She tried to habituate herself to the style of plain living.
Your action should conform to the interests of the people.
They offered various foods to cater to the need of customers.
His words doesn"t fit to his actions.
Suit your writing style to the masses.
3: 表示投降,屈服,服从的含义,如:be subject to,be subordinate to,submit to,subject to,surrender to,give in
to,confess to,admit to.
The minority is subordinate to the majority少数服从多数
Countries nearby oceans are always subject to earthquake.
He confessed to having robbed the woman of her wallet.
We"re not the kind of people to yield to any military threat.
五: 表示趋势或倾向,如:tend to,be prone to,be inclined to,be apt to,be liable to
He"s liable to seasickness.
You are liable to come to wrong conclusion.
六: 表示对事情的坚持与执着,如:sick to,hold o,adhere to,cling to
He still holds on to his original views.
七: 表示约束,局限,如:limit to,confine to,resrict to
He"s confined to the house by illness.
He confined his remarks to scientific mangement.
八: 表示一种习惯或是一种适应性,如:get (be) to,used to,be accustomed to
Finally,the students got used to my teaching method.
九: 表示起因和原由,如:owing to,due to,thanks to,attribute to,come down to
The flight was cancelled due to the thick fog.
The famous artist attributed his success to his wife.
十: 表示目的或结果,如:aim to,lead to,give rise to
I aim to be an excellent college teacher.
His conceit lead to his failure.
These bad condition has given rise to a lot of crises
十一: 表示命运,注定,如:be doomed to,be destined to,
All military adventures by the two super powers are doomed to fail.
十二: 表示数量上的积累或增加,如:in addition to,add to,amount to
In addition to relief supplies,he also presented with some money.
The annual output of steel amounts to 1200 tons.
十三: 表示全身心投入的含义,如:be addicted to,contribute to,devote to,commit to
He is determined to devote all his life to his.
十四: 表示展望或是回顾,如:look forward to反date back to
The church dates back to the 13th century.
十五: 表示方位概念.如:close to,next to
I don"t like wool next to my skin.
十六: 表示依靠或借助,如:resort to,turn to,appeal to,
He usually appeals to arms to settle the territory dispute.
十七: 表示有关注,关于: as to,with regard to
十八: 表示关注或重视,如:pay attention to,attach to,
We should attach primary importance to job training.
十九: 表示依据或是根据,如:according to,in proportion to
According to today"s newspaper,the match will be postponed.
The lending countries subscribe towards capital stock in proportion to heir economic importance.
二十: 表示应该或必须含义的句式, 如:
It"s time to get up.
We are supposed to get here at seven.
It"s up to this country to ban nuclear weapons.
常用词组
respond to（反应）, appeal to（吸引）, catch on to（理解）, listen to （收听）,used to（过去常常）, give birth to,attend to（照料）, see to（负责）, be entitled to（有权）, belong to（属于）, come to（苏醒）, stand up to（勇敢面对）, help oneself to（请自便）, refer to,to the point（切题）,
Train them to stand up to any severe test in hard.
The ticket entitled you to a free meal in the luxury hotel.
See to it that the children get a hot meal after their swim.
You will catch on to the job shortly after wards.
People usually refer to television for up-to-the-minute news.
By:
prep. 被,经,由,在...之旁 ad. 经过,在近处
介词 prep. 在…旁；靠近
near to;beside
· Our teacher was sitting by the window.
我们的老师正坐在窗户旁边。
· Stand by me!
站到我的身旁来！
· We spent our holiday by the sea.
我们在海边度假。
介词 prep. 经过
past
· He walked by me without speaking.
他走过我的身旁，没有说话。
· My brother goes by the building every day.
我弟弟每天从这楼旁走过。
介词 prep. 用；靠；通过
using (showing who or what did something)
· I know it by heart.
我把它记在心头。
· They can read by touch.
他们可以通过手摸来阅读。
· By getting up early, I can have an hour for reading English in the morning.
靠起得早，我每天早晨有一小时时间阅读英语。
介词 prep. 不迟于
not later than
· I shall be back by 5 o"clock.
最迟五点我一定回来。
· How many English parties had you had by the end of last term?
到上学期末，你们举行了几次英语晚会？
介词 prep. 通过；沿着
through; along; over
· We came through the fields, not by the road.
我们是穿过田野而不是沿那条路来的。
· to send a letter by post
通过邮局寄信
介词 prep. （表示作者）被；由
word that shows the author, painter, etc.
· Thirty divided by two is fifteen.
三十除以二得十五。
· The child was saved by a PLA man.
这孩子是由一位解放军战士救活的。
· This bridge was built by the soldiers.
这座桥是士兵们造的。
介词 prep. （指交通等）乘；用
word that shows what kind of transport, etc.
· The man came by bus.
那人是坐公共汽车来的。
· They went to Shanghai by air.
他们坐飞机去上海。
介词 prep. 在…情况下；在…时间
during
· Do you prefer travelling by day or by night?
你喜欢在白天还是在夜晚旅行？
介词 prep. （表示部分）在…部位
word that shows which part
· She led the child by the hand.
她拉着孩子的手往前走。
副词 adv. 在旁边
near
· He gave me a story book when nobody was by.
当附近无人的时候他把小说给了我。
副词 adv. 从旁边经过
past
· He hurried by without a word.
他匆匆地走过去没有说一句话。
· Time has gone by.
时间已过去了。
· She walked by.
她走过去了。
day by day little by little
one by one piece by piece
side by side step by step
by day (night) by hand
by letter by mistake
by plane by post
come by bicycle go by air
go by boat go by train
know by name know by sight
send ...by wireless send ... by electricity
(all) by oneself by the way
by chance by means of
by no means by this means
by way of by and by
by and large close by
pass by
prep. 在···旁边，靠近
at beside near of on over through